Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) protein-rich extract as a natural emulsifier for oil-in-water emulsions: Optimization through a sequential experimental design strategy
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) proteins have been proven to present emulsifying properties. In this work, a
Spirulina protein-rich extract obtained by ultrasound extraction (SpE) was tested to stabilize oil-in-water (O/W)
emulsions. For this purpose, a sequential experimental design strategy (Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) 24–1
followed by a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) 22)) was applied. The effect of four variables, SpE
concentration, O/W weight ratio, pH and storage time, on emulsions’ zeta potential and number-mean droplet
diameter was considered for the FFD 24–1, indicating SpE concentration and storage time as the relevant variables
for the CCRD 22. According to zeta potential and number-mean droplet diameter evaluation, for the studied SpE
concentration range (2–5 wt%), quite stable emulsions were obtained along the tested 30-days period. Even so,
for 5%, visual inspection revealed extract segregation after 20-days. The optimal solution comprised 4 wt% of
SpE, for an O/W weight ratio of 30/70 and a pH of 7.0 (number-mean droplet diameter of 55.66 nm and zeta
potential of -43.83 mV). Overall, SpE has proven to be an excellent emulsifier, offering the potential to substitute animal-based proteins and synthetic emulsifiers. In addition, no signs of contamination by microorganisms
were observed, suggesting that the SpE may also act as an antimicrobial agent.
