Genetic Diversity of Detoxification Genes in 18 Honey Bee Subspecies
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The honey bees (Apis mellifera) is a key pollinator that is exposed to a wide array of xenobiotics, both natural (plant allelochemicals) and synthetic (pesticides), while foraging or through contaminated food within the hive. These compounds have both lethal and sub-lethal effects, impairing foraging activity and negatively affecting bee development and colony health. Similar to other insects, honey bees rely on detoxification pathways to metabolise xenobiotics into less toxic or more readily excretable forms. This process is a key mechanism underlying insecticide resistance and is influenced by genetic variation. Therefore, investigating polymorphisms in detoxification-related genes is a promising approach to predict species-specific responses to pesticide exposure. Five major gene families are involved in xenobiotic detoxification: cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs), glutathione Stransferases (GSTs), ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs), and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). In this study, we examined the genomic detoxification inventory of over 1,600 individuals representing 18 A. mellifera subspecies representing the four main evolutionary lineages. For each lineage and subspecies, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were identified within these genes, allele frequency and FST (fixation index) were calculated. Additionally, all variants were annotated to assess their potential impact on protein function. Findings from this study have the potential to inform breeding and conservation strategies by identifying populations more vulnerable to chemical stressors, ultimately supporting honey bee health in changing environments.
