Formation and stabilisation of oil-in-water nanoemulsions using binary emulsifier mixtures of Tribulus terrestris extract and Quillaja bark saponin
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Emulsifiers are used in many industrial fields, with the natural origin ones gaining increasing relevance. Identifying diversified sources as natural emulsifiers is a pertinent topic for sustainability principles. Saponin-rich extract Tribulus terrestris (TT) was evaluated as a viable alternative to Quillaja bark saponin (QS). An experimental design using binary emulsifier mixtures of TT with QS was carried out by varying their composition, content, and processing conditions (HPH cycles). Emulsions were characterised by zeta potential, morphology, droplet size, and stability. Zeta potential indicated stable emulsions; even creaming was observed in samples with a low emulsifier and high TT%. Diameter of emulsions was between 78-921 nm, with smaller sizes agreeing with the higher stability. Statistical analysis revealed an optimum composition range of emulsifier (3.9-4.5%wt.) and TT content(50-56%wt.) to reach stable products. Overall, TT can provide an effective solution combined with QS.
