Milk is one of the most important nutritious foods, widely consumed worldwide, either
in its natural form or via dairy products. Currently, several economic, health and ethical issues
emphasize the need for a more frequent and rigorous quality control of dairy products and the
importance of detecting adulterations in these products. For this reason, several conventional and
advanced techniques have been proposed, aiming at detecting and quantifying eventual adulterations,
preferentially in a rapid, cost-effective, easy to implement, sensitive and specific way. They have
relied mostly on electrophoretic, chromatographic and immunoenzymatic techniques. More recently,
mass spectrometry, spectroscopic methods (near infrared (NIR), mid infrared (MIR), nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) and front face fluorescence coupled to chemometrics), DNA analysis (real-time PCR,
high-resolution melting analysis, next generation sequencing and droplet digital PCR) and biosensors
have been advanced as innovative tools for dairy product authentication. Milk substitution from
high-valued species with lower-cost bovine milk is one of the most frequent adulteration practices.
Therefore, this review intends to describe the most relevant developments regarding the current and
advanced analytical methodologies applied to species authentication of milk and dairy products.
This work was funded by national funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia)
through the strategic funding of CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and LAQV-REQUIMTE (UIDB/50006/2020, UIDP/50006/2020). This study was also supported by the European Union through European
Regional Development Fund (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000052) and SYSTEMIC (Knowledge Hub on
Food and Nutrition Security, ERA-Net Cofund ERA-HDHL no. 696295). I.Mafra thanks FCT for funding
through the Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus (2021.03670.CEECIND).M. Honrado is
grateful to FCT grant 2021.08119.BD, financed by POPH-QREN (subsidized by FSE andMCTES).
