Biomass-based materials for estrogens adsorption from water: production methods and their characterization
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abstract
Activated carbons (ACs) are low-cost carbonaceous materials with a high surface area ranging from
500 to 3000 m2/g. ACs are produced by pyrolysis that consists of the combustion of organic matter
above 500 °C in the absence of oxygen, to have the breaking of carbonic bonds and formation of
porosity in the material. ACs are also undergo an activation process in order to increase its adsorption
performance. Activation can be performed only by physical treatment, in which the organic material
is thermal treated with an atmosphere of air, CO2, and water vapor, or also by applying some chemical
treatments using generally, strong acids, chloride salts or strong bases [1, 2]. As carbon source for ACs
preparation, many precursors have been tested, mainly biomass wastes (olive stones, rice husk,
coconut shell, among others) [2]. According to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), in 2021
Portugal produced more than 1.3 million tons of olives and it is estimated that more than 500,000
tons of residues were generated per year [3]. This work aims to investigate different production
methods of ACs from olive stones change and their effects on the characteristics of the resultant
adsorbents
The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial
support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and
UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021)
