The chapter analyses silvopastoral systems in the Iberian Peninsula as a resilient agroforestry model that integrates trees (especially oaks), a shrub/herbaceous layer, and livestock. It frames the historical importance of systems such as the montado (Portugal) and the dehesa (Spain), which are now under pressure from agricultural intensification, agricultural policies, and climate change, yet remain relevant due to their economic, ecological, and cultural value. It describes the interactions between domestic and wild ungulates and forest ecosystems—selective feeding, trampling, dung/urine deposition, and bark stripping—with effects on seed dispersal, vegetation composition, and soil properties. It highlights the “two-sided” nature of these effects: they can increase heterogeneity, nutrient cycling, and reduce fine fuels, but can also cause compaction, erosion, habitat degradation, and regeneration failure when overgrazing and inadequate management occur. It also discusses how tree cover shapes microclimate, water availability, light and nutrients, influencing forage productivity and quality, and how shade is crucial for animal welfare in hot summers by reducing heat stress. Finally, it highlights key species and practices (Quercus ilex, Q. suber, Q. pyrenaica; sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs in “montanera”) and argues for integrated management, innovation, and community cohesion to ensure future sustainability and maintain the associated ecosystem services.
